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論文名 |
大学開放による高齢者教育の日米比較
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| 著者名 |
大橋綾子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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4-21，
1987
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| 抄録 |
There is rising worldwide interest in education for the aged. The trend is evidenced in Japan by proposals, put forth by various councils and the World Assembly on Aging, recommending the opening up of universities and various approaches to educating the aged. However, the specifics, in terms of research, administration and implementation, have yet to be explored, making it an important issue to be dealt with in the years to come.
The purpose of this lecture is to note the significance of providing education for the aged through university extensions explain its present status in the United states and Japan, and offer a number of proposals based on a comparison of conditions in the two countries.
I will first describe the ideal and history of education for the aged through university extensions. As an example, I will take up the history, outline and motivation of participants in Kumamoto Women's University's Open Lectures for the Aged, a program I established as the first of its kind in Japan.
Next, I will describe in stages the history if education for the aged in American universities, drawing specific examples from community college and university programs and focusing on the ELDERHOSTEL program,
I shall support these illustrations with full data obtained through interviews on the direction, motivational character and scope of these activities.
I will follow this up with my own proposals based on a comparison of the two countries in terms of (1) the meaning of education for the aged through university extensions；(2) how open or closed universities are；(3) the present extent or prevalence of education for the aged through university extensions；(4) curriculum and method of study；(5) the motivation and extent of inter-regional participation；(6) teaching staff；(7) organizations；and (8) the nature of the problems to be dealt with by each.
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論文名 |
老年学の体系を基礎として（21世紀の生涯教育と高齢者の学習）
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| 著者名 |
大坂巳年子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
22-31，
1987
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| 抄録 |
It can be said that life-long education and study by the aged in the 21st century should be carried out on the basis of a gerontological system. The following describes the gerontological system I have in mink.
Any scientific study must rely on a system. The system determines the subject and methodology.
Gerontology is a broad term that encompasses a variety of sciences related to the aged and aging. It is also an applied science of the branches of knowledge concerned. IT stands to treason that a system can be formulated on the basis of such sciences, all having the aged as a common focal point.
Such a system consists of the main theory, basic sciences and auxiliary sciences and auxiliary sciences. The teleological focus of the gerontological system is the pursuit of an ideal image of the elderly. Business administration and control science form anthropology for achieving this end.
The basic sciences involved in an objective study of the aged are cultural anthropology, sociology, law, history, economics, physiology, medical science, psychology and philosophy.
The auxiliary sciences to improve the life management of the aged include clothing, housing and hygiene.
The above is an outline of the system of gerontology I suggest. It unifies the various sciences dealing with the aged, in harmony with their respective scientific principles.
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論文名 |
高齢者の教育社会学を基礎として（21世紀の生涯教育と高齢者の学習）
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| 著者名 |
塚本哲人
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
32-42，
1987
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| 抄録 |
The aim of this paper exists in examining the real condition of social life of the healthy aged and the reorganization of the educational system on the basis of a structural analysis of the lifelong process.
The findings of this paper may be summarised in the following four points.
1) The structure of the lifelong process is changing greatly since the average life span in Japan has begun to exceed 80 years old.
The resulting increase in the period people can expect to pass as "aged person", and the problem of how to develop a social framework that will enable the aged to pass this period meaningfully, are the main elements of this change.
2) This change in the lifelong process requires the transformation of the educational system form one centered on school education to one oriented towards lifelong education.
3) The aged period can be divided into three stages−the young old, the middle old and the advanced old.
Judging by the true nature of education, the aged people in the middle stage should be the main subject of the education that helps them directoly to solve their problem through learning.
4) It needs to be argued further that on should distinguish between the concepts of education and welfare, and that once having done this, way and means of achieving appropriate co-operation between the two should be sought.
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論文名 |
心理学の立場から（21世紀の生涯教育と高齢者の学習）
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| 著者名 |
井上勝也
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
43-52，
1987
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| 抄録 |
At the national or the local level, we have not noticed the necessity of education for the aged for a long time. As McClusky once pointed out in the United States, education for old people was the "orphan in the attic of the stepchild" in our country, too.
Recently, many gerontologists began to claim the necessity of lifelong education. However, in actuality, we hardly know what and how old people should learn. Furthermore, we do not always know the learning ability of the aged. In short, even now, the level of education for the aged in our country remains low.
The author wishes to propose a purpose for education for the aged in order to develop education for the aged in our country. The author thinks that the purpose of education for the aged should be different from the one for young people, because they are at different points of life. Especially, the aged are in the later stages of life and should successfully give finishing touches to their lives. The author thinks that the purpose of education for the aged should be closely related to this fact.
The auther thinks the purpose of the education for the aged should be complete selfacceptance. The education must help the aged to accept the realistic life limits and situations without negativity or rejection.
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論文名 |
高齢女性における配偶者喪失後の役割移行と適応
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| 著者名 |
岡村清子,河合千恵子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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53-70，
1987
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| 抄録 |
Purpose：When old women lose their husbands, they also lose their role in life. Bereaved women must search for new roles. This process is a role transition for the bereaved wife and an adaptation toward a new life style. This study is aimed at finding factors which influence the adaptation of life among older widows.
Method：In 1983, semi-structured interviews were conducted among 79 women who had lost their husbands about 10 years earlier (55 years old and over). All the subjects were classified into descriptive categories. The PGC Moral scale and the subjects' responses on human interaction were employed to measure the dependent variable of adaptability. Explanatory variables were SES, family type, life history, partnership, causes of husband's death, current and past living conditions, family roles, and CAS (Anxiety Scale).
Major findings：Three types of widows in terms of role transition were found；the family-role-oriented widow, the self-initiating type, and others still confronting the identity crisis. Among 79 cases, 23 showed maladjustment in their current life style. Those who had both extreme relationships with their husbands (dependent or rejected) and those who spent a long time (5 years and over) caring for their husbands showed difficulty in adjustment. (A) THE FACTOR OF THE PRE-WIDOWHOOD PERIOD：Widows with identity crisis, poor health, and higher anxiety also showed maladjustment. (B) THE CURRENT INDIVIDUAL FACTOR：Family role losers who engaged in heavy household chores and were unable to get along well with family members, and those who had high future anxiety showed high correlations with adjustment problems. (C) FACTOR OF FAMILY INTERACTION：The widows who had the greatest problems of adjustment were the subjects who had a combination of factors such as (A) (B) and (C) or (B) and (C). These factors were found to have multiple correlations to maladjustment.
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論文名 |
登録ねたきり老人と未登録ねたきり老人；老人福祉手当受給者・非受給者の比較
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| 著者名 |
古谷野亘,柴田博,芳賀博,須山靖男
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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71-81，
1987
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| 抄録 |
Health conditions and socio-demographic factors were compared between registered and non-registered disabled elderly. Subjects were 235 disabled elderly living in Koganei City aged 65 and over 51.9% of the subjects (122) were registered by the city government as recipients of welfare allowance for the disabled elderly.
The main results were as follows.
(1) Females were more commonly found in the registered than in the non-registered group.
(2) Subjects with a long history of disability, those having a history of cerebrovascular storke, incontinence, or senility were more commonly found in the registered than in the non-registered group.
(3) No significant difference was found between the two groups in age, marital status and co-residence with children.
(4) One-year mortality was higher in the non-registered than in the registered group, but it was not significantly different for females.
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論文名 |
老人の家族意識；東京都葛飾区東水元地区の事例をとおして
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| 著者名 |
高橋正人
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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82-95，
1987
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| 抄録 |
This study examines the concept of the traditional 'ie' (family) norm as influenced by post war changes in the Japanese family structure. What elderly people think about their family, and the influence of structural changes in the family system on individual adherance to the traditional 'ie' concept were examined. Some factors related to changes in family consciousness in terms of the 'ie' concept were also analyzed.
The subjects were 305 male and female elderly people aged from 65 to 79 years living in Tokyo. Individual interviews were conducted with a 20-item questionnaire constructed to measure family-related ideology.
Four major factors representing the 'ie' norm were found by factor analysis：Family continuity, Living with Children for Support, Non-Egalitarianism at Home, and Decision Making/Partner Selection. Each factor was examined in terms of the degree of modernization. The group with the least change should high loadings on Living with Children, and continuity, Non-Egalitarianism, and Decision Making. Those elderly still seem to adhere strongly to traditional ideas with regard to living arrangements and succession of the family, although some changes can also be seen on the level of their daily lives.
The size of land owned by the household, the residential area, relationships with children, and the primary type of work were highly correlated with family consciousness suggesting directions for future inquiry.
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論文名 |
親の老後に対する大学生の扶養意識
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| 著者名 |
細江容子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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96-108，
1987
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of the present study is to determine the factors relating to the sense of responsibility required of young Japanese by the traditional Japanese family system (Ie system), a system of supports which requires the eldest child (ideally male) to live with his aging parents and provide for their financial and health care needs.
The subjects consisted of 567 college students, (52.4% women and 47.6% men) of which 34.2% were eldest sons, 14.8% eldest daughters (having no brother and sister) and 51% others. Of these students 50.6% had not experienced living with their grandparents. The average number of family members in the surveyed students' homes was found to be 4.4 persons. Of these families, 73.4% were nuclear and 19.6% stem families.
The main results were as follows：(1) The sense of responsibility to live with aging parents is determined by the position within the family. The sense of the eldest son's responsibility to live with his aging parents, which was normal in the Japanese Ie system before the Second World War, it still strongly felt. (2) But the sense of responsibility for supporting and taking care of aging parents is also determined by the degree of satisfaction with the family of orientation.
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論文名 |
健康な高齢者における睡眠構造と性格傾向の関連について
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| 著者名 |
友田龍多,新ヶ江正,扇子佐紀子,太田耕平,杉山善郎,佐藤豪,毛利義臣
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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109-123，
1987
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| 抄録 |
We studied the relationship between sleep patterns and personality tendencies in the healthy elderly. Fifteen elderly subjects were examined polysomnographically to study their sleep characteristics. They were examined to study their intelligence level, personality tendencies and the level of life satisfaction.
The results were as follows；.
1) The depth and stability of sleep showed little correlation with the intelligence level, but significant correlations with the personality tendencies and the level of life satisfaction in the healthy elderly. A high neurotic tendency and a high unstable self image were correlated with light and unstable sleep. Deep and stable sleep states were related to a high degree of life satisfaction and a high consciousness level of morality toward others.
2) In the healthy elderly, the subjective feeling of insomnia did not differ from non-insomnia for the sleep patterns measured by polysomnography except on the sleep efficiency index. It was shown that a significant relation existed among the consciousness level of morality toward others, the stability of self image, and subjective feelings of sleep in the elderly.
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論文名 |
施設老人の心身機能と生活適応；養護老人ホーム入所後10年の追跡研究
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| 著者名 |
小林充,矢冨直美,柄沢昭秀
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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124-140，
1987
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| 抄録 |
In order to evaluate psycho-physical changes among the institutionalized elderly and to examine the relationship between these measures and their adaptation to life circumstances, a follow-up interview was carried out 10 years after admission. Those who were admitted to an old people's home during the period from May, 1973 to April, 1976 were administered medical examinations and psychological tests at the time of admission. The relationship between these measures and the results of this follow-up were examined retrospectively.
The results were as follows：
(1) At the time of the follow-up study, 28.2% of 503 subjects still remained in the home (the residing group), 44.5% had died (the dead group), 15.7% had been moved to nursing homes (the nursing home group), and 11.6% had been moved to other environments. The dead group was divided into 2 groups：dead group 1 (died within 5 year) and dead group 2 (died 6 to 10 years earlier).
(2) It was found by retrospective analysis that the residing group had a significantly lower mean age and better performances in three psychological tests than other groups at the time of admission. Furthermore, a lower prevalence of hypertension and dementia than in others was observed. The differences between the residing group and others had become more extreme compared with the results obtained 5 years before.
(3) The mean age of the residing group (N=142) was 78.9 years. Eighty-seven percent of them had suffered from some physical disease and 31% had suffered psychologically.
(4) Among the residing group, the rate of those who showed some decline in physical and intellectual functioning was 32% and 25%, respectively. Only 15% (77/503) manifested no decline physically or intellectually 10 years after admission.
(5) Though there were only a few residents (11.0%) who expressed some dissatisfaction with life in the institution, they frequently pointed out that the personal relationships among residents were complicated and bothersome.
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論文名 |
高齢者居住施設環境評定尺度による養護老人ホームと経費老人ホームの環境条件の分析
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児玉桂子,林玉子,木下茂徳
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
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141-156，
1987
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to analyze the architectural and service features of three kinds of homes for the aged according to the Archetectural Features Check List and Policy and Service Features Check List of the Rating Scale for Environmental Features at Residential Facilities for the Aged.
Method：Facilities Analyzed (Tokyo area)：
28 Homes for the Aged.
11 Type A Homes with Moderate Fees.
5 Type B Homes with Moderate Fees.
Each Facility was checked for：
1) Architectural features：
Physical amenities, informational aids within the building, safety, architectural individuality, space and equipment, social-recreational aids, staff and management, prosthetic aids, community accessibility.
2) Service features：
Flexibility in personal living, privacy, expectation for physical functioning, health services, daily living assistance, resident participation, recreational activities, and community services.
Conclusion：
1) The Rating Scale for Environmental Features at Residential Facilities for the Aged has revealed that there are clear distinctions in both quality and number of features among the three kinds of homes for the aged.
2) The floor space per capita was the primary factor affecting most of the environmental conditions. The increase of floor space is the crucial element for the improvement of environmental quality of homes for the aged.
3) Although, the presence of hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, etc. affected many areas on the services check list, number of residents per facility had only slight effects.
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論文名 |
特別養護老人ホームにおける看護婦の業務に対する意識
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| 著者名 |
巻田ふき,鎌田ケイ子,大渕律子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
157-171，
1987
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| 抄録 |
Nurses in nursing homes have two tasks−medical care and the attention to daily needs−with respective nursing attitudes. At the present time, more attention is given to medical care. However, we think that more attention should be given to attention to the daily needs and care of the elderly.
The purpose of this study is to examine the two kinds of nurses' attitudes towards these functions and the factors influencing these attitudes.
The original sample was compiled through mail surveys in March, 1986 from all 1501 nursing homes in Japan authorized as of September, 1985. The data used here are from 1181 representative nurses from the nursing homes.
The major findings are as follows：
(1) The nurse's age, the difference in the license (registered nurse or practical nurse), or length of time on the job had no influence. However, younger registered nurses had a positive attitude towards the importance of attending to daily needs.
(2) The nurses who began their career with a positive and clear orientation towards caring for the elderly still have a positive attitude.
(3) The nurses who have this positive attitude, are willing to do night shifts and to belong to the same work teams as the nursing assistants (in Japanese, ryouba).
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論文名 |
養護老人ホーム入所者に対する心理的援助；エンカウンター技法の試み
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| 著者名 |
市川啓子,杉山善朗,谷本由紀子,川島優幸,太田真琴,原一男,斉藤桂紀
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
172-187，
1987
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to establish effective group counseling procedures to help the psychological problems of the institutionalized elderly.
Group counseling was carried out mainly in order to create a relaxed atmosphere to relieve emotional tension caused by complex social relationships within the institution. The encounter group was composed of one facilitator and twelve elderly people who attended voluntarily. Twelve counseling sessions were held over a six month period.
Findings were as follows；
1. The members were psychologically defensive with each other in the first four sessions.
2. After the fifth session, however, they gradually became more relaxed. The group members seemed to become unified psychologically.
3. During the entire eighth session, they discussed the subject of death sessions.
4. No remarkable improvements were observed in the following sessions.
5. The experience of encounter group counseling was effective for improving some members' expression of emotions.
It was found that topics such as daily life and death were suitable for decreasing emotional tension. These themes were interesting ones for most of the members. They reflected no status differences from past personal history.
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論文名 |
痴呆性老人在宅介護家庭の生活実態
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| 著者名 |
藤田祥子,黒田輝政
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
188-199，
1987
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| 抄録 |
Japan is hastening toward becoming an aging society. Problems concerning aged people will become more serious than experienced in any other country. The basic principle of governmental administrative policy is to rely upon home care. It is true that more senior citizens in Japan live together with their own children than in any other country. Nonetheless, this custom need not lead us to conclude that the aged should be looked after solely by their families.
The aim of our study is to clarify problems originating from the home care of the aged with senile dementia, and to make some proposals based on the data reported on September, 1985 at the Association of Families Caring for Relatives with Senile Dementia in Osaka.
(1) Senile dementia is characterized by loss of memory and by strange speech and behavior. Such aged persons need a lot of care in their home life, especially when dressing and bathing.
(2) The home care of persons with senile dementia is performed mainly by women, more specifically, by the daughter-in-laws of the eldest sons. About 70 percent of the caretakers are unemployed. Among the non-employed group, 30 percent were forced to retire to take care of the relative with senile dementia. Furthermore, the caretakers don't usually have enough support from other family members and neighbors.
(3) Since people with senile dementia need a lot of care for long hours the caretakers bear an excessive mental and physical burden. They feel a particularly heavy burden：a) when the senile dementia has just begin, b) when they can not continue their jobs because of senile dementia, and c) when they don't have enough support from other family members.
(4) The caretaker is not willing to rely upon facility care. The degree of intention to take care of the aged is closely related to the process by which they began to live together.
(5) The caretakers hope to help the hospitals devoted to senile dementia and to expand day care and short stay services.
Based on our findings, we recommend the following.
(1) enriching public support for caretakers, (2) counseling the caretakers early on, giving them opportunities to learn how to relate to relatives with senile dementia, (3) rethinking the circumstances by which began to live together.
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論文名 |
公開講座をとおしてみた高齢者教育のあり方
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| 著者名 |
菅隆明
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
200-212，
1987
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| 抄録 |
Our college opened an extension course for housewives and aged people living near the college in 1984. The first program consisted of mainly literary subjects. There were so many applicants that the same course was opened both in the morning and in the afternoon.
Questionnaire results indicated that the program was highly esteemed. The participants responded that the program was substantially different from courses in a public hall and that it pointed to a new direction for aged people's education in the future. Many of them hoped that this extension course would be continued every year. They wanted to attend lectures on technological subjects because the course was held at a technical college.
The college offered four majors in technology. In the extension course of the following year, the program was arranged with mainly technical subjects. The lecturers on technical subjects used slides or an overhead projector. They gave lectures easy to understand. In public halls, lectures are generally given on literary subjects. Easy lectures on technology were welcomed by participants. They received favorable comment.
The aged are increasing in number, and they have a strong desire to study.
But the contents of studies offered them are usually confined to literary subjects. Extension courses which are held at colleges and universities chiefly deal with literary subjects. As the interests of the aged are diverse, more subjects about technology should be offered. Colleges and universities must try to give many lectures of various sorts. Just as children receive compulsory education, it is desirable that the aged should receive compulsory education for their health and happiness.
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論文名 |
徳島県における人口の高齢化と高齢化対策
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| 著者名 |
遠藤マツエ,小田利勝,大松繁,多田敏子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
9
：
213-226，
1987
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| 抄録 |
The aging of population has become an immediate and serious problem especially for local areas. Tokushima Prefecture with a population of a quarter of a million, situated in Shikoku Island, is one of the most advanced area in the aging of population in Japan. In Tokushima, the percentage of the aged of sixty-five years old and over already exceeded 10 in 1975 and reached to 13.3 in 1985. In this paper, the following three issues are examined：the trend of the aging of the Tokushima population after the Second World War；estimation of future age structure of the population by the use of system dynamic model composed of five sectors-population, environment, land, resources, industry；the current status and tasks of policies for the aged in Tokushima. Finally, three criteria of policies for forthcoming 'The Aged Society' are presented, which are；promotion of potentiality of social adaptation of the aged, arrangement of physical and social environment in order t support their social adaptation, creation of social consensus among all age groups in regard to reorganization of social system toward 'The Aged Society'.
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