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論文名 |
2001年における老年学と福祉；21世紀福祉社会における人的資源の役割
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| 著者名 |
小川直宏
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
4-14，
1982
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| 抄録 |
The author has attempted to quantify the effect of the aging of the Japanese population upon its economy and social security programs with the aid of a supply-oriented, neoclassical economic model with some Keynesian features. The functional relationship of this model has been estimated primarily on the basis of time-series annual data published by the Government. The analysis of this study covers the time period of 1978-2025 and draws heavily upon the 1978 Nihon University population projection.
One of the major computational results indicates that the growth rate of real GNP will decline steadily over time, thus approaching a 1 percent level toward the end of the simulation period. A shrinking and aging labor force, and the increasing financial burden of the social security system seem to be main sources of such a dreary prospect. The degree of gloom, however, differs considerably, depending upon the choice of social security benefit levels and the augmentation of the quality of the labor force effective through human resouce planning.
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論文名 |
2001年における老年学と福祉；高齢化社会の生活設計と家族政策
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| 著者名 |
那須宗一
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
15-22，
1982
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| 抄録 |
Recently the term family policy has come to mean the total sphere of social care for a family. Previously, family policies were mainly directed at immediate financial allowances to help the cost of living based on the number of dependents in a given family. The focus of the family policy has shifted now, however, to bring under consideration the social aspects of family life, especially for the aged and with an emphasis on the revaluation of institutional care. Consequently, it has been found necessary to recognize that the social policy, if interpreted widely, is related not only to national financial support, but to welfare and medical services as provided by the local government and residents.
Ideally then, the purpose of family policies are 1) to compensate for weakned family functions which stem from changes in the family life due to aging members and to socialize and activate these activities：2) to secure the resources of the family, including not only present living standards but future inheritances such as estates and houses, in part by guaranteeing the man power for medical and welfare stuffs such as a home helper, a nurse, and a counselor for the aged, as well as a center for day care and short stay, transportation systems, and friendly visitors. 3) An additional function could be the organization of a "geminde" of local residents for matching public funds and services with individual contributions. Finally, these policies as an integrated system of medicine, welfare, and labor should be directly borne by the country's political body. It would be a socialization ststem aimed at the elimination of social isolation and handicapping of families which have an elderly member instead of their having to resolve privately every problem.
The feature of this family policy which differs from the normal welfare for the aged is to emphasize the social value of care for the aged by their own family members rather than public support. Thus, the national and the local governments should consider donors of services from the viewpoint of their social worth in order that the family can easily perform their voluntary caring for the elderly with love.
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論文名 |
2001年における老年学と福祉；要介護老人のためのサービスの水準と費用
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| 著者名 |
前田大作
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
23-34，
1982
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this paper is：(1) to predict the needed scope and level of care services for the impaired elderly at the year 2020, when the proportion of Japanese elderly population will be at the peak；and (2) to estimate the yearly cost of these services at that time. The motive that prompted the author to do this study is the widespead misgivings that the future cost of care services for our rapidly increasing impaired elderly might exceed the financial capability of the nation in the future. Due to this feeling, local governments which should take direct responsibility in providing such care services will not embark on the construction of needed service systems. Unless this negative attitude is changed before long, there will be a serious shortage or even a lack of needed social services for the impaired elderly in the quickly approaching aging society of the 21st century.
Ⅰ. In predicting the needed scope and level of care services for the elderly, the following factors were taken into consideration.
a) The conspicuous increase of the population of very old, old people in proportion and in real number. This means that the number of physically and/or mentally impaired elderly will increase more rapidly than the total aged population.
b) Improvement of the health status of old people in general, owing to the advancement of medical science, public health measures, and the improvement of the life style of people in general.
c) Predicted decreasing capability of families to take care of their elderly relatives. The anticipated causes of this phenomena are a decreasing number of children, a decreasing number of self-employed people (an increase of employed people), an increase in the frequency of geographical movement of younger people, an increasing number of working married middle-aged women, and the advancing age of family members caring for elderly relatives whose life expectancy is being extended further year by year.
Ⅱ. Results of the prediction of the needed scope and level of care services and estimation of the yearly running costs are as follows.
a) Homehelp Services
Level：one homehelper per 200old people 65+ (OP)
Yearly running cost (YRC)：\447 billions
b) Visiting Nurse Service
Level：one visiting nurse per 1,500 OP
YRC：\60 billions
c) Day Care Service
Level：one day care center per 50,000 population
YRC：\82 billions
d) Short-term Stay Service
Level：five time more services than at present
YRC：\1.8 billions
e) Meal Services
Level：one meal service center per 50,000 population
YRC：\82 billions
f) Bathing Services
Level：one service unit per 50,000 population
YRC：\41.8 billions
g) Lanudry Service
Level：one service unit per 50,000 population
YRC：\41 billions
h) Total cost for above mentioned community services
YRC：\754.8 billions
i) Institutional Care Services
Level：Total capacity of institutions in the year 2020 will be three percent of the population aged 65 and over.
YRC：\1,005.4 billions
j) Renewal of Buildings and Facilities
Scope：Five hundred institutions will be totally renewed each year.
Yearly Cost：\225 billions
k) Total Estimated Cost for the Care Services for Impaired Elderly at the Year 2020
Approximately \2,000 billions
Compared to the costs for other related services, such as public pensions, public assistance, and compulsory education, this estimated cost is not too enormous for Japanese society. Rather, the impact of the increasing cost will be absorbed in the process of readjustment of the distribution of general social resources with the change of population structure.
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論文名 |
2001年における老年学と福祉；心の問題への対応
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| 著者名 |
長嶋紀一
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
35-41，
1982
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| 抄録 |
It is proved that the life of the aged is threatened by sickness, poverty, isolation and living in solitude. And in case of any of these, the healthy life of the aged becomes difficult. It will become difficult to be fully satisfied with their life and to find out their purpose of life.
It must be realized that the counterplan of mental problems must be seen on the individual basis. Because each aged person has his/her own life history and own view of life, life satisfaction, isolation and living in solitude should be regarded persistently sibjective.
I am planning to investigate the following topics to attempt to deal with the actual counterplan.
1) replate pre-retirement education
2) draw up the curriculum for preparations of life of the aged
3) study and practice of counseling program for the aged
4) present the index figures for mature life of the aged
5) practice and replation of welfare education
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論文名 |
老年人口割合と疾病別死亡率との関連
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| 著者名 |
関田康慶,藤咲暹
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
42-56，
1982
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| 抄録 |
Relation between the proportion of the aged, those more than 65 years old, in the population and the mortality was made clear using the mathematical model approach and the data analysis.
First, by applying the model approach, the following results were obtained.
1) There existed a linear relationship between the proportion of the aged in the total population and the mortality when the proportion of the advanced aged class, over t (t>65) years old, in the aged population was not affected by the proportion of the aged in the overall population. On the other hand, the mortality could be expressed by the function of exponential relationship when the proportion of the advanced age class increases monotoneously with that of the aged. 2) The variance of mortality, conditioned by proportion of the aged, can be expressed by the value greater than quadratic form of the proportion of the aged.
The data analysis was applied to the data, in 1979, of 74 districts of municipalities in Miyagi Prefecture, where the proportion of the aged was similar to the overall proportion of Japan. We analyzed Cerebral Vascular Disease, Malignant Neoplasm, Heart Disease, according to the order of higher mortality, and the overall mortality. The relation between the mortality of each disease and the proportion of the aged was expressed by the estimated exponential type regression referring to the results from the model approach. Through the estimation process, singularity of data was examined. The regression analysis using the sample data of the area covered by each health center was investigated in the same manner.
The regression equation will be useful for forecasting the mortalities, which are expected to increase in accordance with the hasty advancing aged population, in each district of municipalities or the area covered by the health center. And they may contribute to the process when completing health and medical care system in each district or area.
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論文名 |
在宅80歳老人の社会精神医学的研究
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| 著者名 |
柄沢昭秀,川島寛司,笠原洋勇
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
57-73，
1982
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| 抄録 |
Following our previous study of centenarians and nonagenarians, a socio-psychiatric study on octogenarians is reported in the present paper.
1) A survey was made in K-City, one of the suburbs of Tokyo, over a period of four months from November 1978. A preliminary survey was carried out on nearly all of the 423 elderly persons aged 79・80・81 years who were living there at that time. Then, out of these 423 persons, 116 who were exactly 80 years old were selected, and they were interviewed by a psychiatrist.
2) 80% of these octogenarians did not show any noticeable decline in their daily life either mentally of physically. Only 7% of them were constantly or occasionally bedridden. Only 7% were senile to a moderate or severe degree. These results suggest that our psycho-physical activity in daily life is commonly preserved well up to the age of about 80.
3) Some mental health problems were found in 35% of the subjects aged 80. For example, senility (including mild cases) was found in 19% of those surveyed, functional psychiatric diseases such as depression and neurosis were found in 7%, and other minor emotional insecurity problems which might possibly develop into neuroses were present in 9%. The rates may appear to be rather high；however, most of these persons with mental health problems were mild cases and did not necessarily need psychiatric therapy. The prevalence rate for functional psychiatric diseases of 7% obtained in this study (including many mild cases) was of the highest found among the reports from Japan, but it was much lower compared with those of Western countries. This result supports the view that the prevalence of functional diseases in lower in Japan than in the West.
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論文名 |
沖縄県本島内の2特養老人ホームに在住している老人；その生活史と精神障害について
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| 著者名 |
一ノ渡尚道,辰沼利彦,真喜屋浩
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
74-88，
1982
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| 抄録 |
We investigated the life histories of 202 people aged 60 years and over in two nursing homes in Okinawa Prefecture. Most of them had lived under extremely unfortunate conditions since their childhood and about 70% of them ended up leading a solitary life. A large number of them had lived away from their birthplace.
Mental disorders were found in 92 of the 202 cases. Of the 92 cases late onset psychotic states functional psychoses were recognized in 16 cases including 14 cases of paranoid-hallucinatory state and two cases of depressive state. Among 60 cases of dementia in old age, 13 cases showed paranoid-hallucinatory state and 10 cases presented depressive-hypochondriac state. It is suggested that such psychotic state may occur under the influence of stituational factors like an extremely unfortunate life history and/or forced geographic mobility.
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論文名 |
全国施設老人の精神衛生調査
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| 著者名 |
長谷川和夫,本間昭,今井幸充,田久保栄治,河村千佳子,一原浩
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
89-110，
1982
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| 抄録 |
The authors investigated 2,268 institutions for aged people by sending questionnaires, and analyzed 1,281 answers (56.5%) obtained.
The results were as follows：
1. The total number of institutionalized aged people in these responding institutions was 92,578 (male, 30,802：female, 61,776).
2. Severe dementia was observed in 15,469 persons (male, 5,104：female 10,365).
The percentage of the total studied population was 16.7%. There were prominent differences in the percentages depending on the type of the institutions. Nursing home showed the highest ratio (27.0%) and others 1.1% to 9.4%.
3. Functional psychiatric disorders appeared in 6,227 persons (male, 1,964：female, 4,263) 6.8% of the population. There were no prominent differences among the institutions for this variable. Alcoholism was found in 1,142 cases (1.2%) and 9 times more in male than females. Suicide cases during the past one year were 46 (male, 16, females, 30).
The number of elderly with mental deficiency was 1,888 (2.5%). In conclusion, our investigation revealed that approximately 23% of total institutionalized aged people in our study from throughout Japan were suffered from some psychiatric disorder. However, there was little attempt at psychiatric care or treatment：only 4% were given psychopharmacotherapy and only 1.2% were able to provided psychiatric hospitalization.
Adequate psychiatric care should be required for those patients who suffer from psychiatric disorders in institutions for aged people.
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論文名 |
高年者のパーソナリティに及ぼすライフ・イベントの影響
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| 著者名 |
谷口幸一,大塚俊男,丸山晋,佐藤真一,松本真作
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
111-128，
1982
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| 抄録 |
In order to examine the influences of life events on personality in the aged, a list of life events and scales of personality were compiled regarding 215 old persons, 106 males and 109 females. The list of life events consisted of thirteen aspects concerning life experiences. The scales of personality were SELF-CONFIDENCE, MORALE, PERSONALITY MATURITY and MENTAL AGING. The relationship between life events and personality scales was examined by using Pearson's correlation coefficients.
The results were as follows：
A. The relationship of life events to PERSONALITY MATURITY.
The scores of personality maturity were heightened by the event of "success of vocational life", and lowered by the events of "troubles in married life".
B. The relationship of life events to MORALE.
The morale scores were enhanced by events such as "health", "success of vocational life", "happy experiences concerning own children", and lowered by the events such as "troubles in married life", and "not having hobby, sports and religion".
C. The relationship of life events to SELF-CONFIDENCE.
1)The scores of self-confidence were raised by events such as "health", "Success of vocational life", "good financial conditions of own family's younger periods", "good relations with own children", "higher social achivements", and "having hobby, sports and religion", and also heightened by minus events such as "insufficiency of educational conditions", and having been visited by natural and mancaused calamities".
2) The scores of self-confidence were lowered by the event of "not having hobby, sports and religion.
D.The relationship of life events to MENTAL AGING.
The scores of mental aging were heightened by the minus event of "troubles with own children". (This result means that this minus event elevates the degree of non-mental aging.)
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論文名 |
乱数発生課題における加齢的変化について；確率的情報処理における硬さの検討
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| 著者名 |
矢富直美
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
129-141，
1982
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| 抄録 |
Random Number Generation performances were investigated in a cross-sectional sample of 207 women 43-89 yr olds. Ss were asked to fill 210 blanks with onedigit numbers (0-9) as irregular as possible and then asked to fill 40 blanks with one-digit numbers (0-9) in serial order repeatedly as fast as possible. It was found that in the random task older Ss more often arranged numbers in such sequences as 123…, 135…, 246… or in their reverse sequences. Thus, older Ss got higher values of T.W.D. (probable deviation in transition width, Murakami) and lower values of entropy for their transition matrices than younger Ss. The time in generating random numbers and serial numbers increased with age. These results were discussed in terms of psychological rigidity.
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論文名 |
モラール・スケール，生活満足度尺度および幸福度尺度の共通次元と尺度間の関連性
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| 著者名 |
古谷野亘
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
142-154，
1982
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of the present study is：(1) to extract the common dimensions of morale, life satisfaction, and happiness, (2) to construct a scale which woul sufficiently represent these dimensions, and (3) examine the interrelationships among the thirteen measures of subjective well-being frequently used. The subjects consist of 230 non-institutionalized older people living in a rural zone (mean age is 73.8 years.)
The main results are as follows：
(1) Three principal dimensions of subjective well-being were extracted by factor analytic technique and interpreted as Satisfaction with Life as a Whole, Optimistic and Positive Disposition, and Evaluation of Own Aging.
(2) A new 14-item scale of subjective well-being was constructed so as to represent the three dimensions mentioned above. Tentatively, the scale was named the Life Satisfaction Index K.
(3) Intercorrelations among the measures of morale, life satisfaction, and happiness indicated high levels of interrelationships, especially between the PGC Morale Scale and its two revised versions, and between the Life Satisfaction Index A and its two revised versions. However, Dean's 4-item morale scale had only weak intercorrelations with the other frequently used measures of subjective well-being. On the contrary, the Life Satisfaction Index K constructed in this study had high levels of interrelationships with the other measures of well-being.
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論文名 |
在宅障害老人の社会的孤立
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| 著者名 |
浅野仁
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
155-168，
1982
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| 抄録 |
This study reports the effects of socioeconomic status on social isolation of the frail elderly using a representative sample of 441 persons living in Sumida Ward, Tokyo.
Method：The data are collected by means of a home visit. The contents of social isolation consist of 9 items：the frequency of contact with children who are living separately, other relatives, friends and neighbors and the frequency of participation in social activities. The sample from which the subgroups to be analized here are drawn consists of (a) a population of 345 persons who are living with their families (b) a sample of 96 persons who are living alone, including elderly couples. Social Isolation Index (SII) is drawn up, which consists of total scores of each items. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 23.
Results：The average SII scores of the aged who are living with their families is 7.92 and S. D. 4.15 and those of persons who are living alone and elderly couples 9.14, 4.26, respectively.
Concerning the relationship between length of dwelling and SII score, we find this relationship significant statistically at the 5% level. Analysis by stepwise regression discloses that variables which genuinely influence the scores of SII are：1) whether older persons are physically and/or mentally impaired, 2) whether they have children who are living separately, 3) length of residence, 4) number of family members, and 5) amount of income.
These results indicate that socioeconomic factors have substantial impact on social isolation of the impaired elderly.
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論文名 |
障害老人の住生活の変化と特性
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| 著者名 |
児玉桂子,林玉子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
169-187，
1982
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| 抄録 |
1. The purpose of this study.
First, the purpose of this study is to make clear how daily living activities (eating, toileting, bathing etc.) change after disabled elderly people return home following rehabilitation. Second, architectural alterations of the disabled elderly's dwellings are assessed in relation to the changes in their daily living activities. Problems of each room in their residences are clarified.
2. The subjects of this study.
One hundred and forty-three disabled elderly were selected for this study from the patients of the rehabilitation ward of Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital. These people had entered the hospital after the age of sixty years and were living at home at the time of the study survey (mean age at time of survey：73.7 years).
3. The main conclusions.
1) About ninety percent of the subjects experienced a decline in their daily living activities immediately after returning home from the hospital. About twenty-five percent of the subjects experienced these changes during the whole period they were at home until the time of the survey (mean period：2 years 7 months), further decline was seen by half of those studied but positive changes were seen by the rest.
2) The percentages of architectural alterations are as follows：bedrooms (30%)；toilet facilities (65%)；bathing facilities (50%). Small alterations were made as soon as they returned home, but major alterations required more time.
3) About sixty percent of the subjects used their bedrooms for eating, toileting or bathing as well as for sleeping. This tendency of overlapping many activities in their bedrooms was significantly marked among the most severely disabled, the most elderly, and among those who had been at home the longest since their return from the hospital.
4) Accordingly furniture and various devices necessary for these activities increased in their bedrooms. Many of these elderly also needed the regular assistance of family members. Considering the fact that most of the disabled elderly spent much of their time in their bedrooms, many of these rooms were inappropriate for their way of living.
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論文名 |
在宅老人の終末ケアの可能性に関する研究
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| 著者名 |
紅林みつ子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
188-198，
1982
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| 抄録 |
The Life Care System, a membership organization, was established in October 1980. The organization, whose mottos are "diseases should be cured at home" and "one must protect one's own health", was designed to undertake lifelong health care of its members. This system is built on the self-determination of patients at whose request doctors and nurses pay sick calls. Through this activity, cases where elderly people died at home were examined and future possibilities for such cases were considered.
As of 28 February 1982, the Life Care System was comprised of 154 families-a total of 494 members. Fifty five of the members-11%-were above 75 years old, and it is this group to which "the aged living at home" refers.
There have been six cases of death in the seventeen months since the establishment of the system. Five of these were cases in which the patient died at home, and three out of the five underwent autopsy.
The result indicates that there must be three conditions to enable adequate domestic terminal care for the aged：
(1) There must be a system which is capable of rendering necessary assistance whenever it is required.
(2) The system should involve sick calls and 24 hour care for the patients. Moreover, it should be able to provide nearly as much medical care at home as is being given at hospitals.
(3) Finally, the system should be such that would allow-objective evaluation of terminal care through post mortem examination.
Under these conditions, the family would be assured through domestic termional care that the quelity of life of the patient has truly been supported and those who provided medical care may themselves evaluate the treatment they gave.
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論文名 |
老人の社会生活に関する全体的把握
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| 著者名 |
白澤政和
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
4
：
199-213，
1982
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| 抄録 |
This article is intended to present a holistic approach to the life organization of the elderly. We selected seven factors which compose the organization. They are a) monthly income, b) employment, c) health condition, d) participation in community activities, e) living together, f) participation in social activities intended for the elderly, and g) participation in hobby groups.
The analysis of the results are carried out in the following two stages.
1) Presentaion of the degree of significance of associations between pairs of factors, using critical values of chisquare.
2) Multi-variate analysis of the seven factors using the Hayashi statistical method.
Major findings of this study are as follows：
1) The seven factors composing the life organization of the elderly are associated with each other to some degree. Various living conditions of the elderly interact in a very complicated way.
2) Categories associated with a lower level of social life (poorer health condition, lower monthly income, non-participation in community activities, disability to wark, desire to work) are rather closely related to each other.
3) Categories associated with a higher level of social life are differentiated into two kinds of activity patterns：an employment pattern and a social activity pattern.
Findings 1) 2) and 3) suggest that a holistic approach to the life organization of the elderly is essential in making social policy and in helping the aged have greater well-being in their social life.
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