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論文名 |
食と栄養（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
柴田博
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
4-15，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The present article reviews changes of food and nutrient intakes with advancing age and factors relevant to these changes.
The conclusions are as follows：
1. The pattern of food intake does not significantly change during the normal aging process. Period effect is greater than aging effect, as far as Japanese elderly people are concerned.
2. Deterioration in the pattern of food intake with aging can be partly prevented by social supports and services.
3. The pattern of food intake tends to be excellent in the elderly with a high degree of social activities.
4. Rapid worsening of food intake is associated with early death.
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論文名 |
運動と健康（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
進藤宗洋
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
16-25，
1991
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| 抄録 |
This research suggests that 37 for male and 31 for female in ml/kg/min of VO2 max per body weight (VO2 max/wt) are the minimum levels for the body to protect itself against the development of major chronic diseases that increase with age. A decrease in VO2 max/wt with increasing age is not a result of biological aging. but the result of a person's sedentary life style accompanying a general tendency towards decreasing physical activity with increasing age.
In both middle and old age, an individual's attainable VO2 max/wt correlates with time regularly spent per week at approximately 50% VO2 max exercise intensity. This corresponds to a lactate threshold and to a training intensity that can be kept up "with a smile", NIKO NIKO PACE in Japanese.
Bicycle ergometer exercise training for 180 minutes a week at such a NIKO NIKO PACE attains and maintains the minimum levels of VO2 max/wt for health；lowers blood pressure due to hypertension with unknown etiology；normalizes hyperlipemia and hyperglycemi；increases HDL-C, HDL2-C and Apo A-I；and decreases fat tissue. Therefore, to create a society in which life is both long and pleasurable, support for individuals and groups emphasizing NIKO NIKO PACE training for 180 minutes a week should be encouraged.
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論文名 |
衣と体温（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
清水裕子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
26-37，
1991
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| 抄録 |
It is said that the aged show in the initiation of physiological and behavioral responses to thermal stress；consequently, in-body temperature is unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to help the aged with thermoregulation in the use of clothing.
Clothing has a buffer effect against environmental temperature changes；that is, it inhibits changes in the micro-climate inside the clothing. Especially in a cold environment, clothing with heat retaining property keeps the temperature around the body at a constant warm level and forms a comfortable micro-climate.
In a hot environment when sweating occurs, the great increase of humidity inside clothing due to clothing materials having small moisture absorption and permeability prevents evaporative heat loss, and causes a further increase in the sweat rate. It is necessary to transfer water vapor from the innermost layer of the clothing to the environment with water permeabile clothing materials.
For healthy, comfortable daily life and accommodation to the changes in the temperature of the thermal environment, the aged must wear appropriate clothing.
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論文名 |
リズムとストレス（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
本橋豊
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
38-48，
1991
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| 抄録 |
Biological rhythm is influenced by various environmental stressors like light, temperature, electromagnetic field and chemical substances. Generally, biological rhythm functions as a shock absorber and the level of health does not deteriorate when these stressors impinge on the organism. It should be noted that an adequate amount of stress, for example, an appropriate degree and length of exercise, serves as eustress and is helpful in promoting health. However, stress caused by shift work or irregular sleeping and waking habits apparently leads to impairment of health unless it is controlled properly. In the elderly, characteristics of biological rhythm change. The phase-advance of the biological rhythm that is most characteristic, is illustrated by an early bed time and an early rising time among the elderly. The reduction of circadian amplitude of body temperature is another example of the effect of aging on biological rhythm The abnormality of the circadian rhythm in the elderly has now become a great concern in the management and treatment of patients with senile dementia. Abnormal behavior during the night and delirium can be explained by a malfunction of biological rhythms or a reduction of the action of external entrainment factors. Bright light exposure and active reinforcement of social contacts are promising therapeutic approaches. Studies on stress and biological rhythm become more important in the stressful and aged society of contemporary Japan.
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論文名 |
住と保健行動（行動力学の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
大原啓志
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
49-59，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The process of aging is accompanied by progressive reduction in activity, as the space in which the elderly live becomes restricted. Planning suitable living spaces is needed to prevent or postpone the reduction of activity. Living space includes houses, centers or institutions for shopping, cultural facilities, places of work, medical service facilities, administrative services facilities, and open spaces such as parks and roads.
Rooms, equipment or facilities in the house which are not physically and psychologically suitable for the elderly restrict their activities or cause accidents. To facilitate the movement of the elderly, it is necessary to take account of the progressive reduction in their mobility. The distance between their home and centers and institutions should not be too far, and pedestrian crossings must not present obstacles or cause accidents.
Recognition of the influence of individual behavior on health has been strengthened in the past quarter century. A working definition is that individual and/or societal behavior patterns are at least partly under individual control and influence personal health.
The Alameda County study provides systematic evidence of the impact of "everyday" nonmedical behaviors upon on health status and health risk. The analyses of the 9 year follow-up study have shown that these behaviors are strongly associated with mortality risk among persons 30-69 years of age. As for the elderly, increased mortality and low physical functioning are associated with some types behavior at the points of the 17 and 19 years follow-up studies, respectively.
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論文名 |
高齢者に外出行動と交通事故（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
溝端光雄
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
60-67，
1991
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| 抄録 |
Judging by the present numbers of traffic accidents in Japan, the number of them caused by elderly drivers and elderly pedestrians is increasing as part of the trend towards an aged society. New countermeasures are necessary to prevent more traffic accidents over and above those due to traditional causes. If the traffic accident rate is defined as the number of accidents per capita per 1 kilometer, the accident rate of the elderly is higher than of the non-elderly.
This paper presents the results from several studies on travel behaviour and traffic accidents of the aged and investigates the problem of the transportation system in the coming aged society.
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論文名 |
社会的ネットワーク（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
古谷野亘
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
68-76，
1991
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| 抄録 |
"Social networks" are one of the most important research themes in social gerontology. However, the concept of social network needs more clarification. In social gerontology, the term "social network" usually means the total of a persons' relationships with others. This is called a "personal" or "egocentric network" in mainstream sociology. Some researchers have suggested umbrella terms such as "social relations" to encompass social network, support system, support network, and other related terms.
Previous studies have confirmed that most elderly people are not socially isolated but have enough social relationships with others. The convoy, hierarchical-compensatory, and task-specific models seem to be useful in understanding and explaining the social relationships of the elderly.
The research on social relationships of the elderly must be an inquiry into how the elderly construct their life by making and maintaining social relationships with others. In order to perform such an inquiry, the development of measurement instruments and a conceptual framework is needed.
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論文名 |
欧米の身体障害者の交通事故政策の歴史的経緯（行動力の老年学）
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| 著者名 |
秋山哲男
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
77-88，
1991
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| 抄録 |
This study offers a brief review of historical changes in transportation countermeasures for the elderly and the disabled, giving examples of three typical countries in Europe and the U.S. (the U.S., England, and Sweden). Two main topics discussed.
The first topic is the problems before transportation countermeasures for the elderly and the disabled were enforced. In the U.S., transportation countermeasures were affected by the Civil Rights Act (1965), the Environmental Protection Act (1969). and the Architectural Barriers Act (1969). In addition, important concepts such as (1) normalization, (2) the distinction, between the elderly and the disabled, and (3) alternatives to mass transit, ST service (Special Transport Service：transportation means for the exclusive use of the elderly and the disabled：mainly door-to-door service), are discussed. The second topic is the concrete evolution of transportation counter-measures in these three countries. In the U.S., transportation countermeasures have evolved through three main laws (1) the Rehabilitation Act, (2) the Urban Mass Transportation Act, and (3) the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)). As a result of heated debate on whether to choose mass transit (bus, railway) or paratransit (door-to-door service for the exclusive use of the elderly and the disabled), the U.S. adopted the ADA in 1990 to convert to comprehensive transportation countermeasures. In Sweden, transportation countermeasures have evolved comprehensively by applying ideas in the area of social welfare. In England, door-to-door service for the disabled has been the main countermeasure until deregulation in 1985. After that, comprehensive countermeasures such as equipping regular buses with lifts, and operating fixed-route buses for the elderly and the disabled have been initiated.
On the other hand, Japan is now at the stage that its countermeasures are no better than spontaneous. But some facts (including the beginning of the operation of several fixed route buses and lift-equipped buses) shows that the 1990s will be the turning point its transportation countermeasures.
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論文名 |
高齢者のソーシャルネットワークとソーシャルサポート；友人・近隣・親戚関係の生態類型別分析
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| 著者名 |
野口裕二
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
89-105，
1991
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| 抄録 |
This paper examined the characteristics of social networks and social support in relation to living arrangements of Japanese elderly. Social networks were measured by network size and frequency of contact with friends, neighbors, and relatives. Social support was examined in terms of both types (emotional and instrumental) and effects (positive and negative) of support. Living arrangements were categorized into four types；living alone, with spouse only, with spouse and child (ren), and with child (ren) without spouse.
Data used here came from a national stratified random sample of persons age 60 and over living in Japan (N=2200).
The results were as follows：
1) Both social networks and social support tended to decrease with age.
2) The people living had the smallest size of networks, but had the most frequent contacts, and received the most support. The people living with a spouse had only networks, but infrequent contacts, and received less support.
3) Network size and positive support were significantly correlated for every type of living arrangement. The highest correlation was found for the people living alone.
4) Frequency of contacts was not correlated with positive support for the people living with a spouse and child (ren).
5) Network size was correlated negative support for the people lining alone and the people living with a spouse.
6) Morale was more strongly correlated with social networks and social support for the people living alone than for the people living a with spouse and child (ren).
7) IADL had stronger effects on social networks than on social support.
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論文名 |
作家の文体と加齢
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| 著者名 |
小林充
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
106-125，
1991
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| 抄録 |
In order to examine how sentence-styles of novelists change with age or career, 208 works by 52 writers (4 works published at various ages×52) were gauged on 15 attributes (cf. numbers of similes, onomatopes, color words, conversations, kanji-letters, length of sentence, and so on). Of four factors extracted through Factor Analysis, factor 4 (F4), called the modification factor, revealed significant relation toage or career. Mean factor score of F4 decreased consistently with age at publication (20's =.99, 30's = .25, 40's = .05, 50's = .01)；that is, the sentences in the works published at later ages were found to be less modified. According to the factor scores on 3 factors other than factor 3 which was thought to be the factor of tense, all works were arranged in 3-dimensional space. The means of the ages of publication were then calculated for each of the 8 quadrants. Interestingly, the means tended to increase from the first to the eighth quadrant suggesting that sentence-style spiraled and changed with age in this factorial space.
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論文名 |
頭のよい人（青年，成人，老人）のイメージに関する研究
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| 著者名 |
大川一郎
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
126-144，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of "an intelligent (adolescent, adult and elderly) person" among college students.
Subjects were asked to imagine six kinds of intelligent people, i.e., male-adolescent, female-adolescent, male-adult, female-adult, male-elderly person and female-elderly person, and asked to rate each of 90 descriptions on a 1 (low) to 5 (high) rating scale.
The results were as follows：
1) Both sex and generation of image target influenced rating descriptions.
2) In the rating, some of the descriptors were specific to sex and/or generation. Some were common regardless of sex and generation.
3) the factor structures of each 6 image targets that were the same were "ability" and "personality".
4) Both sex stereotyping and generation stereotyping in the concept of intelligence were observed.
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論文名 |
老年期のセクシュアリティに関する研究
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| 著者名 |
井上勝也,荒木乳根子,大川一郎
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
145-161，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to clarify the actual patterns of sexuality during old age and to investigate the source of sex differences and characteristics of sexuality due to age or sex differences. For that purpose, we polled 140 men and 117 women who were over 60, married, and living at home in Tokyo and Kanagawa by questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of 51 questions about sexual behavior, background factors, relations with spouse, interest in the opposite sex, interest in sexual activity, instruction about sex and so on.
The results were as follows：
The result of ANOVA of two factors (sex, age), showed that men were more active than women in sexual intercourse and interest at all ages. But in both men and women, declining frequency of sexual intercourse and interest was found with advancing age. Moreover, sexual interest declined in men over 75 and in women over 65, while sexual interest declined for both sexes after the age of 65.
The main correlation between sexual intercourse/interest and other factors was health in men. Moreover, men over 70 who had vivid feelings toward women, a desire to associate with opposite sex friends and a great interest in sexual activity were more active in sexual behavior. In women, there was a positive effect of past sex life on present sex life which was more clear than in men. And in women over 70, it was found that the deeper the mutual affection with a spouse was, the more sexually active they were.
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論文名 |
高齢者における日常生活能力と個体諸要因の関係
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| 著者名 |
筒井孝子,新田収
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
162-178，
1991
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| 抄録 |
Our research proved that intelligence and gross motor functions were the decisive factor controlling the independence of elderly people in their daily living.
We conducted an analytical study of 2000 people over 65 years old. 148 of them were living in nursing homes located in Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Saga, and the Fukuoka area. 52 were living in their own homes.
In the analysis 15 activities of daily living were quantified as dependent, variables：eating, drinking, urinary & excretory care, dressing, bathing, friendly relationships, telephoning, using public transportation, preparing meals, shopping, cleaning, washing, taking medicine, and handling bank savings. Intelligence, gross motor functions, eyesight, sex, and age constituted the independent variables.
The first type of quantification multiple correlation coefficient was 0.8897.
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論文名 |
痴呆性老人の離床実践研究
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| 著者名 |
大國美智子,津村智恵子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
179-190，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The object of this study is to examine the effect of getting patients with dementia who are bed ridden out of bed. At K nursing home (120 beds) in Osaka Prefecture, influential factors in the improvement of the quality of life in 38 cases were examined after introduction of specialists.
Results：
1. After seven months the outcomes for those 26 patients who had been observed for the course of disease because of high degrees of physical disorder and dementia, complications and the like which occurred were death, lowered mental function and the like which occurred were death, lowered mental function and recovered mental function in 11, 12 and 3 patients, respectively.
2. The degrees of dementia of 11 patients according to the physical therapeutic approach were dementia, pre-dementia and sub-normal in 3, 5 and 3 patients, respectively.
3. Of the seven patients treated with the recreational approach, 4 showed in 7 and 4 patients, respectively.
4. In terms of the situational context at the time of the first examination, such as age, sex, admission period, ADL (self care, mobility) and Hasegawa's intelligence scale, the improvement in QOL seemed to be influenced by (1) slight mental hypofunction (P=0.14), (2) comparatively young age (P=0.18), (3) a good self-care score (P=0.19), etc.
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論文名 |
高齢期尿失禁の背景的因子とケアに関する調査研究
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| 著者名 |
巻田ふき,鎌田ケイ子,大渕律子,中内浩二
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
191-206，
1991
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| 抄録 |
We studied factors affecting urinary incontinence；physical problems, ADL, mental status, and excretory functions in elderly in order to improve our knowledge of the way to take care of urinary incontinence in the elderly. The subjects of the study were 34 patients with incontinence, excluding those who were being treated with an indwelling catheter, out of 112 hospital patients in the departments of neurology and psychiatry in a geriatric hospital.
The most frequent underlying conditions were low ADL and dementia which were often associated with communication disturbances and reduced motivation. The sense of a full bladder was preserved in about three fourths of incontinent patients. This was an indicator of good recovery. The presence of dementia was, on the contrary, a predictor for poor recover. The study suggests the need for multiple approaches such as improving ADL, psychological support and environmental adjustments combined with urological treatment.
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論文名 |
人口予測モデルの地域別にとらえた高齢者の生活実態
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| 著者名 |
遠藤マツエ,大松繁
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
207-225，
1991
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| 抄録 |
Tokushima Prefecture is top-ranked in terms of the percentage of the elderly. In order to predict the future percentage of the elderly we have made regional population prediction models and obtained the future population structure in Tokushima Prefecture. To raise living standards and welfare of the elderly, we must have more precise information about their real lives. Thus, we have investigated their real life conditions in the same areas where the population prediction models were built for computer simulations. The investigation content and results are summarized as follows：
1. The study areas were Tokushima City, Kamojima, Ichiba, Koyadaira and Nishi iyayama in Tokushima Prefecture. The general trend in the areas is that all the districts have an increasing percentage of Advanced Aged with mental or physical diseases although the rates of increase are different in each district reflecting specific situations. This situation suggests the necessity for information about real styles of the aged in more detail through precise investigations like interviews.
2. The real life style investigation was carried out by visiting homes and interviewing people over sixty years old who described themselves as in good health. The questionnaire asked about their marital status, whether they lived with other family members, and number of family members. As for financial affairs we asked about their job status, whether or not they were paid, main income, and amount of income and expenditures. Concerning health items, we investigated their subjective health conditions and health maintenance management.
3. From the above investigation we have been able to obtain the specific features in each study area about real life of the elderly based on the human and physical environments and health conditions. The real life styles in these five typical areas used in the population models should be taken into account to improve the welfare of the elderly and solve various difficult problems in the forthcoming aging society.
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論文名 |
定年後の社会的ネットワークの変化の知覚
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| 著者名 |
西村純一
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
226-241，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study is to investigate both the perceived social network changes for individuals who have reached the mandatory retirement age and the particular effects of work conditions, sex differences, age differences, health conditions, living conditions, residential area, and economic conditions on these networks. Data were collected by questionnaires mailed to 514 men and 15 women aged 55-66 years old.
The main results were as follows：
1) A twenty-six-factor analysis showed that perceived social network changes were classified into five categories related to (a) community activities, (b) friendship, (c) family life and social intercourse, (d) married life, and (e) working life.
2) Perceived social network changes were influenced by work conditions, sex differences, age differences, health conditions, living conditions, residential area, and economic conditions.
3) Ss who retired and were retiring from active work tended to perceive the expansion of networks in relation to (a) and (c), while those continuing to work felt the increase of networks in relation to (b) and (e).
4) Ss in ill health were inclined to perceive a decrease in networks in relation to (b), while those with fewer financial resources felt the reduction of networks in relation to (b), (d), and (e).
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論文名 |
老人福祉施設における精神薄弱者の実態
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| 著者名 |
今村理一,本間昭,柄澤昭秀,宮崎牧子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
242-255，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The objective of this study is to explore health and living conditions of the aged, mentally retarded residents in social welfare institutions in Japan in order to determine guidelines for support. A nationwide survey was conducted through questionnaires given to 3207 institutions, of which 1946 institutions answered giving a response rate of 61%.
The major findings are follows：
1) There were 737 nursing homes, 443 residential institutions for the aged, 17 homes with moderate fees, and 5 fee-changing homes for the aged which constituted 1202 institutions (62% of those which) responded) where the aged, mentally retarded residing. The number of the mentally retarded was 3868 (2.8% of the total residents).
2) 33% of the institutions replied that the mentally retarded residents were causing problems such as lack of cooperative ambulation, difficulty in mutual understanding, abnormal action, no understanding by others, etc.
3) 56% were of the opinion that there was a necessity for a combination of a rehabilitation facility for the mentally retarded and a facility for the aged mentally retarded under a new treatment system. 26% replied that present conditions were adequate. 9% answered that an institution for the aged should accept them.
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論文名 |
医療機関における訪問看護の実態と看護料金の問題
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| 著者名 |
津村智恵子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
256-270，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The investigation into the actual condition of the visiting nursing practice of 30 medical institutions in Osaka Prefecture and the analysis of 2 cases of visiting nursing led to the following results：
1) Average monthly number of visits per medical institution was 26.2 times and average monthly frequency of visits per subject was 3.5. Average number of visiting nurses per institution was 5 including part-timers. Most of the subjects visited (77%) were elderly.
2) About half of these medical institutions neither define the range of visiting nor collect self-burden expenses；97% of them were operating with a deficit.
3) Hospitals have dealt with the greater number of patients requiring a higher degree of nursing than clinics, but, compared with other similar investigations, this study found little difference in the content of nursing care.
4) Medical treatment fees were lower than nursing fees for home-helpers, because almost all nursing care include the fees of nursing visit and of caring for patients at home, as compared with hospitalization.
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論文名 |
大学生の成人観および老人観；日本と韓国との比較
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| 著者名 |
白銀珠,無藤隆
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
13
：
271-285，
1991
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to investigate how university students perceive changes in psychological properties of adults (adolescents, middle-aged and elderly) and how these change differ between Japan and Korea which have different degrees of industrialization and different cultural backgrounds, but which have traditionally similar ideas of ancestor worship and traditional family systems. One-hundred and thirty seven adjectives which Heckhausen & Dixon (1983) extracted as significant for adult development were given to 783 university students in Japan and Korea. They rated to what extent each property exists in young, middle, or older adults. From the results of factor analysis, five factors, "solid", "open-hearted", "isolated", "mild", and "relaxed" properties, was considered. Adolescents were perceived to be more openhearted than the other generations, middle-aged and older people were more "solid" than adolescents, and older people were more "relaxed". Older people in Japan were perceived to be more "isolated" and more "openhearted" than in Korea.
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