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論文名 |
思想として（21世紀に向けての老年社会科学の課題と展望）
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| 著者名 |
小田兼三
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
4-17，
1989
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| 抄録 |
There are several correlations between ideology of aging and ideological aspects of socio-gerontology. In this article the word "ideology" includes religion, ethics, norm and value. It focuses dual structures of aging, for example, the world of daytime and also the world of midnight in life of the aged.
In the historical and social background, the attitude of people to the aging and the death has changed. Especially after industrialization and urbanization of modern society, there happened two matters. Firstly, administration of aging and death was on going. Institution should be separate sometimes from their fathers or mothers to get care, and professional agency or manpower do it. Secondly, problems of ageism is very large one. At the same time mutual fantasy of ageless society in young generation is the big question for all people. Therefore the conflict between older generation and younger generation is becoming severe, and it is very difficult to coordinate each generations.
Of course in the start line of socio-gerontology, sympathy to the aged and prevention for manpowers who deal with the elderly were existed. But now, we needs two new ideologies, i.e, ideology of supporting care and that create post care. At the moment we should synthesize fairness and science in the field of socio-gerontology.
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論文名 |
科学として（21世紀に向けての老年社会科学の課題と展望）
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| 著者名 |
小林良二
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
18-25，
1989
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| 抄録 |
Social gerontological studies have been widely developed in such fields as categories of the aged, categories of services, and methods of studies. Although the differentiation shall be promoted in the future, studies that will integrate the remified results are also be needed in a way in which many empirical findings are structualized on some value premises.
In relation with this, social policies and service practices for the elderly need much more scientific approaches in making the future plans for service resources and in establishing some kind of need assessment form that is constructed on a basis of scientific research and need assessment team that will put the standard in work.
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論文名 |
政策として（21世紀に向けての老年社会科学の課題と展望）
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| 著者名 |
西村周三
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
26-34，
1989
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| 抄録 |
In order to know the way on the management of the welfare for the elderly, three types of institutions, market mechanism, reciprocity mechanism, and redistribution mechanism which were suggested by K. Polanyi are surveyed. I notice that 'reciprocity' is an important institution which is most suited for the management fro the welfare system. Since this way of management is less developed in Japan. I discuss how to promote this way in Japan.
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論文名 |
技術として（21世紀に向けての老年社会科学の課題と展望）
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| 著者名 |
岡本民夫
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
35-49，
1989
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| 抄録 |
In this paper, I discuss the helping methods consisting of many kinds of techniques and skills which are application of results and principles in various human sciences.
Generally, techniques are defined as application of results and principles in sciences consciously. In social work, there are used helping methods which depended on personal experiences and sense or intuition formerly but social work are translated to practice with methods using of results and principles of natural sciences and human sciences recentely.
I aim to develop new scientific procedures of nursing care which used computer aided nursing planning system for the elderly (CANPS, see Fig.2). And I made it clear that these new process can use practice of social work or nursing care services in the setting of nursing home and home for the aged effectively.
In the future, high technology will rapidly develop and contribute to growth of many areas in social welfare services greatly. However, we have to select the results of high technology or new sciences carefully and apply to human services actively and subjectively.
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論文名 |
全国デイサービス施設における痴呆性老人の受け入れ状況とサービス内容に関する考察
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| 著者名 |
丸山晋,大原一興,大塚俊男
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
50-63，
1989
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| 抄録 |
Using questionnaires, the authors analyzed 233 day-service facilities for the aged in March, 1988.
The results：
1) The proportion of the demented among participants was divided into three groups as follows；A：0～5%, B：6～19%, C：over 20%.
About 1/3 of the facilities fell into each group.
2) Facilities belonging to group A tended to be located in areas of higher needs and larger numbers of users.
3) But these facilities found it difficult to accept demented people.
4) Group C facilities had long histories and sufficient staff. They were located near suburbs.
5) Many facilities in group C had high needs for special programs for the demented.
6) Most facilities intended to accept demented persons in the near future.
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論文名 |
地域コミュニティセンターを拠点とした高齢者の対人関係について
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| 著者名 |
湯田彰夫,浅井千秋
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
64-83，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The objectives of the present study were to clarify the profile of elderly people who took educational courses or participated in club activities for the aged held at local community centers, and to investigate whether or not their participating in such activities enhanced their interpersonal relations.
One hundred and fifty two participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire consisting of items dealing with their attitudes toward the courses, their friendly interactions with other participants and so on.
The results were the following.
1) In general, most of the participants were in good health and comfortably off. And most of them were satisfied with their areas of residence, and were highly interested in intellectual and recreational activities.
2) There were wide differences between the sexes as regards the participants' involvements in educational courses and club activities, their attitudes toward the various courses, and their friendly interactions with others. Compared to the male participants, aged women were more enthusiastically participating in educational courses and had wider circles of acquaintances. In contrast, aged men were apt to feel these activities were insufficient for them and to feel dissatisfied with the educational courses and club activities.
3) The participants who lived relatively far from the center joined more classes, and took part in the activities for longer periods. They had more interpersonal relations with other members.
4) The more positive the participants' attitudes toward the educational courses and club activities were, the wider their circles of friends were. In other words, the participants who found concrete usefulness in the educational courses and were satisfied with them had developed many interpersonal relations with other members.
These results showed that participation in educational courses and club activities was related to the participants interpersonal relations.
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論文名 |
デイケア利用者のADL，IADL；東京都内および近郊における調査結果
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| 著者名 |
小澤千穂子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
84-98，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to measure ADL (Activities of Daily Living) and IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) of patients at day care centers and to find out factors which are related to ADL and IADL.
The sample was 728 elderly people who received day care services in 11 day care centers in Tokyo and its outskirts. The questionnaires were filled out by the staff at each center in 1987.
The average age of males was 76.89 and the average age of females was 78.28. A total of 52.6% of them lived with their spouse and married children, 15.8% with their spouse, and 14.8% lived alone. Some 27.6% of their caregivers were spouses, 26.5% were daughters-in-law, and 23.9% were their daughters.
They received such day care services as rehabilitation, bathing, and recreation at day care centers once or twice a week.
On the average, females had higher scores of ADL and IADL than males. Aging was significantly associated with declining scores, especially among females. Living arrangements were also related to ADL and IADL. The elderly living alone had higher scores than those living with children.
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論文名 |
生活満足度尺度の構造；主観的幸福感の多次元性とその測定
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| 著者名 |
古谷野亘,柴田博,芳賀博,須山靖男
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
99-125，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The most important recent development in the study of methodology for measuring subjective well-being is the introduction of a confirmatory factor analysis or covariance structure model. The newly introduced statistical methods enable researchers to test the construct validity of scales.
In this study, the authors conceptually classified the dimensions of subjective well-being underlying the PGC Morale Scale and the Life Satisfaction Index A in terms of cognitive versus affective orientation and temporal referent, and identified three components of subjective well-being measured with three scales：long-term cognition, short-term cognition, and short-term affect. Based on this conceptual consideration, the structure of a nine-item index of life satisfaction (Life Satisfaction Index K), for which previous studies utilizing explanatory factor analysis had observed three factors corresponding to the components of subjective well-being, was analyzed with LISREL. The data used here were obtained from 723 elderly community residents in Koganei City, Tokyo, aged 66 years or older.
A well-fitted second-order factor model was developed through the analysis. The model was composed of 9 observed indicators (items), 9 measurement errors of the observed indicators, 3 first-order factors, 3 measurement errors of the first-order factors, 1 second-order factor, and 2 measurement error covariances. The first-order factors were named satisfaction with Life as a Whole, Psychological Stability, and Evaluation of Own Aging, and the second-order factor was Subjective Well-Being. The first-order factors were clearly indicative of the conceptually identified three components of subjective well-being. The results confirmed the construct validity of the Life Satisfaction Index K as a scale of subjective well-being.
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論文名 |
中・高年者における生活の志向性と満足度
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| 著者名 |
佐藤真一,長田由紀子,矢冨直美,岡本多喜子,巻田ふき,林洋一,井上勝也
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
116-133，
1989
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| 抄録 |
We developed new satisfaction scales which measured the degree of satisfaction of everyday lives, corresponding to three living domains, "job", "family" and "leisure and/or social activities" (Sato, et al., 1988). It was thought that results of these scales would measure the elderly persons subjective well-being. The actual well-being, however, could be realized only when personal satisfaction is achieved through preferential patterns of daily living associated with personality, which we called life orientation. To get such well-being, health, psychological adjustment and socio-economic factors could be important resources.
In this investigation, subjects, who were 50 to 79 years of age, were put into four groups (active-affiliated, active-independent, disengaged-affiliated, disengaged-independent) based on their life orientation measured by two scales (behavioral and interpersonal scales) developed our former study. The active-affiliated type was associated with men and the disengaged-affiliated type was associated with women. But the frequency of disengagement-oriented responses increased with aging for men.
Differences of satisfaction among types were significant for the scores or all three scales. Types with showed greater satisfaction were active-oriented types at the "job" scale, disengagement-oriented types at the "family" scale, and the active-affiliated type at the "leisure and-or social activities" scale.
Satisfaction seems to be related to social factors, especially having some purpose of life and belonging to some formal group, more than to health and psychological factors in this population.
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論文名 |
高齢者の「幸福感（well-being）」と「生きがい」意識を規定する心理・社会的要因の研究
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| 著者名 |
山本直示,杉山善朗,竹川忠男,中村浩,佐藤豪,佐藤康次,森山美知子,方波見康雄
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
134-150，
1989
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| 抄録 |
This study was to explore correlations among elderly people's life satisfaction, death anxiety, conception of death, emotional support, and other psychosocial variables, such as style of personal relation, level of ADL, etc., Several statistical methods such as analyses of differences in means and in freauencies divided by medians of four scalescores, and other kinds of multivariate analysis were used. Furtheremore, ideographic data concerning the psychosocial conditions of the elderly were analyzed.
The main results were as follows；
1. A high level of life satisfaction and subjective well-being were often associated wit a healthy mental state among the elderly. Healthy mental states were related to a rather low death anxiety, higher qualitative values on conception of death (that is, having a moderate psychological distance from death) and subjective recognition of an emotional support system.
2. Elderly people living in their own homes showed rather higher subjective well-being and better mental health, in general, in comparison with elderly living in nursing homes.
The above results are discussed from psychosocial points of view, especially concerning differences between elderly who have a high and low degrees of subjective well-being.
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論文名 |
主観的幸福感と活動の関係について；活動に対する態度の観点から
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| 著者名 |
横山博子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
151-266，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The objective of this paper is to re-examine the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB) and activity among the elderly by taking into account their "attitude to toward personal and social activities ion later life". The attitude toward activity is here introduced as a more specific alternative to the "personality" concept employed in previous studies. Questionnaire research was conducted on subjects consisting of 80 people who lived in nursing homes and 212 who attended an adult school. For the whole group, a slight positive correlation was found between SWB and activity level, as has been reported by several authors. The subjects were ordered according to how positive an attitude they toward activity using Hayashi's method of quantification (3). It was found that neither the distribution of the subjects nor the correlation between SWB and activity was uniform over the attitudes scale. Specific findings are：
(1) The top quarter of the subjects, which may adequately be named the "positive attitude group", was comprised of a disproportionately higher number of adult school participants than nursing home residents. The opposite is the case for the bottom quarter, i.e., the "passive attitude group".
(2) Within the positive attitude group, the SWB and the activity level were both higher than average, but the correlation between them was significantly lower than that for the whole subject group；
(3) Within the passive attitude group, however, although the SWB and the activity level were both lower than average, the correlation was higher than that for the whole subject group.
These results indicate that although activity has, in general, a favorable effect for promoting one's SWB, it does depend on one's attitude toward activity in such an unusual way that the less positive the attitude is, the more significant the activity becomes. This can be interpreted as reflecting marginal utility between SWB and activity, and also by taking account of environmental influences in giving significance to the activity.
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論文名 |
主観的幸福感の尺度と自覚健康度の関係について
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| 著者名 |
内藤佳津雄,石原治,長嶋紀一
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
167-182，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between subjective well-being and subjective evaluation of health. The sample was comprised of 469 normal (registered at the local university for the elderly) and 148 infirm aged (visitors to a day-care home). The subjective well-being were examined by the PGC morale scale (revised by Lawton) and the life satisfaction index A (LSIA) (revised by Neugarten et al.). The subjective evaluation scale consisted of ten items about physical and psychological symptoms.
The results were as follows：
(1) A separate factor analysis was carried out for each group to extract the common dimensions of PGC morale scale and LSIA. Both normal and infirm groups showed four similar factors. These were interpreted as 'achievement', 'happiness', 'discomfort' and 'acceptance of own aging'. In the normal group it seemed that the factor of 'achievement' was the most important aspect of the subjective well-being. On the other hand, in the infirm group the factor of 'happiness' was the most important.
(2) Twelve items, there from each of the four factors, were common between the normal and infirm groups. These items were constructed as a scale of subjective well-being.
(3) It was also found that seven items out of the ten items of subjective evaluation of health were significantly correlated with some of the four factors mentioned above. These results indicated that the items which were used in this study could be an independent measure of one's subjective well-being.
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論文名 |
老年期の過去回想に関する研究Ⅰ；回想の量・質・機能の種類と特徴
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| 著者名 |
長田由紀子,長田久雄,井上勝也
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
183-201，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to show the frequency, quality, and functions of reminiscences in the lives of elderly people as well as to discuss the relation between thinking about the past and the degree of contentment as measured by a morale scale. Subjects consisted of 73 men and 91 women whose ages ranged from 60 to 90 years of age. The mean age was 70.9 years old. The main results are as follows：
(1) There was no significant difference in the frequency of reminiscences by age.
(2) The content of the reminiscences of many Japanese elderly were their experiences of World War II.
(3) While reminiscence can be related to easing one's negative feelings or making one happy, reminiscences can also be related to depressed feelings.
(4) Reminiscences of elderly people were related not only to their feelings, but also to their self-concepts.
(5) People who thought of the negative aspects of their past frequently had a lower degree of contentment as measured by the morale scale. However the relation between the frequency of neutral reminiscences and the morale score was not significant. It appears that we must consider the relation between adaptation and the qualitative aspects of reminiscences.
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論文名 |
高齢者の孤独とその関連要因に関する心理学的研究
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| 著者名 |
長田久雄,工藤力,長田由紀子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
202-217，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of this study was to investigate how psycho-social factors of social network, personal control, social comparison, and personal situations are related to loneliness. Subjects were composed of 133 healthy elderly adults who keep their residences. The loneliness was assessed with the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Japanese Version).
The results were as follows：For the variable of social network, the number of family at home, degree of contentment with friendships, degree of contentment with spouse when three generations live together, attendance at gatherings, how to spend spare time, hobbies, presence of close friends, and ease in making friends, had significant correlations to loneliness. For the variable of personal regulation, interference by family members, the amount of traveling, and degree of contentment with spending money, had significant correlations to loneliness. For the variable of social comparison, no significant item was found in this study. For the variable of personal situations, subjective health condition, curiosity, and endeavor to achieve goals had significant correlations to loneliness.
These results made it clear that the quality of the social network, degree of contentment with human relations, free life style, quality of life, subjective health condition, and activity were more highly related with loneliness than scales of social network, difference between present and past life styles, or condition of residence. In other words, subjective and cognitive situations more than objective ones, and quality more than quantity in human relations, were more closely related to loneliness in elderly adults.
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論文名 |
「スープのさめない距離」の評価にみられる世代差の検討
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| 著者名 |
川崎友嗣,佐藤真一,長田由紀子,井上勝也
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
218-234，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The term "intimacy at a distance" expresses the opinion that a moderate distance is need to maintain harmonious relations between the younger generation and the generation of aged parents. How far is a moderate distance? This distance is not a fixed one but an optional one which we can estimate freely. To examine generational differences in the estimated distance, a sample of men and women (age 30 to 82；N=571) was studied with a questionnaire. In the examination of generation differences, we regarded 30's and 40's as the younger generation, and above 60 as the generation of aged parents.
The main findings were as follows：
(1) The term "intimacy at a distance" was known to the public at large, especially to women.
(2) A total mean of the estimated distance was 289.4 meters by distance and was 7.5 minutes by time.
(3) As regards the male, the estimated distance shortened in the 50's and lengthened in the 60's. It seems that this is related with retirement.
(4) As regards the female, the estimated distance shortened with age. As a result of this, the generational differences were large.
(5) We found that the estimated distance was connected with the style of residence (the younger generation living in the same house with their aged parents, or not) and the relations between two generations (good, or not so good). The results suggested that various factors determined the estimated distance, varying between sexes and between generations.
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論文名 |
臨床的性格評価法の開発とその検討；痴呆性老人の病前性格評価を主目的として
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| 著者名 |
柄澤昭秀,長田久雄,矢冨直見
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
235-248，
1989
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| 抄録 |
1) The purpose of this study is develop a new clinical personality evaluation method to assess previous personality traits of elderly adults or permorbid personality traits of mentally ill patients, and to examine is clinical validity.
2) A list of 70 words which express individual personality traits was made. Using this work-list an assessment of individual personality traits was conducted on 1,217 subjects including healthy young and elderly adults, and various mentally ill patients.
3) After a repeated factor analysis of the results eight categories of personality type were extracted： - syntonic, immodithymic, autistic, emotional, asthenic, obsessive, viscous and weak-willed. The scale was pared down to 40 words from the initial work-list.
4) Applying this personality inventory, premorbid personality traits of schizophrenics, demented elderly adults and primary personality traits of normal controls were reevaluated. The results obtained here were almost the same as those of previous investigations including those obtained by the Structural personality Inventory.
By means of this study we verified the utility and clinical validity of this method for evaluating personality traits.
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論文名 |
痴呆性老人を抱える介護者の意識と態度
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| 著者名 |
下垣光,加藤伸司,藤森和美,今井幸充,長谷川和夫
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
249-263，
1989
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| 抄録 |
We interviewed caregivers about their attitudes toward caring for the demented elderly. Subjects were families of 105 demented elderly visiting an out patient psychiatry clinic. The questionnaires included 47 items about caring situations. Using factor analysis, we extracted three main factors；an attitude of intervention, anxiety and burdened feelings, and an attitude of acknowledged rejection. We assessed the situations of caregivers and their elderly wards with summarized scores of these factors, and made two discoveries：
1) Feelings of anxiety and burden on the caregiver was related to the severity of the dementia and the duration of vulnerability.
2) Spouses had fewer co-caregivers and were less healthy compared with daughters-in-law, but the anxiety of the latter group was much stronger than that of the former.
For our subsequent research we plan to study the inter-relationship between caregivers and their situational backgrounds.
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論文名 |
地域在宅老人の食品摂取パタンに関する要因
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| 著者名 |
須山靖男,芳賀博,柴田博,松崎俊久,鈴木一夫
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
264-282，
1989
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| 抄録 |
The purpose of the present study was to examine factors relating to the patterns of food intake in elderly people in the community. Subjects consisted of 1007 elderly adults aged 65 years and over, who were all capable of independent daily living, living in a rural area of Akita prefecture.
Frequency of intake of 18 foods, and sex, age, living arrangement, leisure activities, and activities of daily living as related to patterns of food intake were investigated by a door-to-door survey. Patterns of food intake was analyzed by Factor Analysis, and relationships of other factors to the patterns of food intake were examined by the Analysis of Covariance.
Results obtained were as follows；
1) Four factors were extracted as patterns of food intake：staple food (rice, bread), vegetable side dishes, meta side dishes, and eating between meals. Variance explained was 38.5 percent.
2) Leisure activities alone had significantly positive associations with all four patterns.
Leisure activities thus have a strong relationship with as active dietary life.
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論文名 |
日本人の伝記にみる死生観
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| 著者名 |
大坂巳年子
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雑誌名
巻／号／頁／年 |
老年社会科学，
11
：
283-292，
1989
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| 抄録 |
This paper summarizes the author's attempt to organize and flesh out her theory of gerontology. Her theory of gerontology is developed in terms of fundamental science, main theory, and ancillary science. From the perspective of the philosophy of the aged, this paper analyzes some case studies drawn from an old man's diary and from S. Kato, et al., Nihonjin no Shiseikan (The Japanese View of Life and Death).
In the diary of an old Japanese man, written in the style of Chinese poems, the man expresses his view of life and death. One of the poems reveals the old man's clear and calm state of mind when facing death.
In Nihonjin no Shiseikan, the Japanese sense of immortality is symbolically reflected in five different modes：(1) biological continuity, (2) immortality in the religious science, (3) continuity of work and achievement in art, literature, and science, (4) the continuity of nature itself, and (5) the state of empirical transcendence or the state of self-oblivion. The book discusses the lives and deaths of six historically important people to support its views：Nogi Maresuke, Mori Ogai, Nakae Chomin, Kawakami Hajiime, Masamune Hakucho, and Mishima Yukio.
On the bases of these case studies, the author draws the same conclusion as the authors of Nihonjin no Shiseikan, that the Japanese believe in immortality and therefore are optimistic about death.
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